프랭클리니아(Franklin tree, franklinia)

학명: Franklinia alatamaha

분류: 차나무과(Theaceae)

 

프랭클리니아는

 - 맑은 향기의 꽃이 여름부터 가을까지 계속 피고,

   꽃의 지름이 10센티 정도로 크고  멋진  희귀수종입니다.

   (꽃이 매우 커서 환상적이지만 잎의 길이가 15센티 정도라서

    사진상 꽃이 크게 안느껴지는 것임)

 

 - 가을단풍든 상태에서 피는 하얀 꽃은

   다른 수종에서는 볼 수 없는 참으로 환상적이지요.

 - 잎도 여름에는 반질반질 광택이나고 가을에는 붉게 단풍들어

   예쁘답니다.

 

 - 내한성도 강하여 전국에서 노지월동이 가능한 수준

   (최저생육온도 영하 29도)이고

 - 나무의 수형도 특별히 관리하지 않아도 스스로 이쁜형태로 성장

   하는 특성까지 지녔다는군요.

 - 병충해에 강하여 농약살포 없이 재배가 가능합니다. 

 

 - 씨앗으로 심으면 5~6년 지나야 꽃을 볼 수 있는 점이 좀 아쉽긴 하지만

   나이가 먹을수록 꽃이 많이 피게되므로 기다릴만한 가치가 충분한

   수종이라고 여겨집니다.

 

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(실생 1년 묘목)

 

<프랭클리니아의 멸종을 막은 사람>

 

    미국에서는 1760년에 바트람이라는 농부겸 식물학자가

    맨 처음으로 펜실베니아주에 바트람식물원을 설치하고,

    여러가지 나무를 모아서 심기 시작하였고,

    자신의 아버지와 절친한 친구 사이인 벤저민 프랭클린의 도움을 받아

    미국과 영국 사이에 식물과 씨앗에 관한 일종의 무역을 하였다.

    1765년  조지아주 배링턴 근처 올터머 강가에서 처음보는 식물을 발견하였으며,

    벤저민 프랭클린을 기념하기 위해 그의 이름을 인용하여 프랭클린나무(=프랭클리니아)라고 이름지었다.

    1800년대 이후 이 나무는 야생에서는 모두 멸종되어 사라졌다.

    하지만 이 수목원에서 기르던 나무가 남아 있었기에

    그 씨앗 등으로 계속 증식하여 보급함으로써 멸종되는 것을 막고 고급정원수로 자리매김되고 있다.

    따라서, 현존하는 프랭클리니아는 모두 바트람식물원이 고향이다.  

 

    메타세콰이어의 경우에도, 우리나라의 포항에서도 화석이 발견된 바 있으며

    이미 지구상에서 사라졌다고 생각했던 나무의 하나이다.

    그러나 2차 대전 중 장개석 정부가 중경으로 옮겨짐에 따라 많은 학자들이 따라갔었는데

    마침 양자강 상류의 한 계곡에서 자라고 있던 것을 발견하였고,

    당시 미국 하버드대학교 부속 수목원장이던 메릴박사가 연구비를 보내서

    보다 갚은 조사가 진행되고 그 씨앗 등으로 계속 증식시킴으로써 

    세계 각국에 널리 보급되었던 것이다.

 

 

< 멸종됐던 프랭클리니아 꽃나무 200년 만에 영국에서 발견 / 2010.9.9> 

 

1800년대 이후 야생에서 멸종된 줄 알았던 프랭클리니아 나무가 영국 콘웰 지역에서

발견됐다고 하는데요. 200년 만에 처음 발견된것이라고 해요. 프랭클리니아 나무가

발견된 곳은 영국 콘웰 지역에 있는 한 보육원인데요. 여기는 멸종 직후 프랭클리니아가

돌연 멸종된 후 인위적으로 씨를 번식해 뿌린 장소였다고 해요. 200년 만에 나무가 싹을

틔우고 꽃을 피우게 된 셈이라고 해요.

 

발견된 나무만 무려 3그루라고 하는데요. 차나무과의 프랭클리니아는 최대 9m까지 자라는

나무라고 하는데요. 흰 색의 꽃을 피우며 꽃자루는 거의 없다. 꽃은 한여름부터 서리가

내리기 전까지는 핀다고 해요.

 

Tree, Franklinia

 

Franklinia alatamaha

 

 

 

Botanical Name: Franklinia Alatamaha 

 

Family: THEACEAE

 

Genus: Franklinia

 

Species: alatamaha

 

Common Name: Franklin Tree, Franklinia

 

Height: 33 feet  (최대 10미터까지 성장하나, 통상 4~7미터 성장)

 

 

Minimum Hardiness Zone: 5 (최저생육온도는 영하 29도까지로 내한성이 강함)

 

Characteristics (특징) :  1. Acid loving, Moist soil (산성토양과 습도가 있는 토양을 좋아함)

                                   2. Fragrant flower, Fall color (꽃의 향기와 가을단풍이 좋음)

                                   3. Flowers appear mid-summer to early fall (꽃은 여름부터 가을까지 계속 핌)

 

 

  

Growing Info (재배정보)

Stratification : cold stratify for 30 days (30일간 냉장고에 보관하였다가 파종)

Scarification : Soak in water, let stand in water for 24 hours (파종직전 24시간 동안 물속에 씨앗을 담가둠)

Germination : sow seed 1/16"deep, tamp the soil, mulch the seed bed

(1/16인치=0.2센티 정도 깊이로 파종한 후, 낙엽등으로 덮어서   습도를 유지함)

 

Description (수종정보)

Wikipedia states: It is a deciduous large shrub or small tree growing to 10 metres (33 ft) tall, but commonly 4.5–7.5 metres (15–25 ft).

It is commercially available for garden cultivation. It is prized for its fragrant white flowers, similar to camellia blossoms.

(꽃향기가 좋아서 사랑받는 수종으로 꽃의 모양은 동백과 비슷하나 흰색이며 크기가  지름 10센티 정도로  매우 큼)

Flowers appear mid-summer to early fall, and may last as the tree's leaves change color. The tree has a symmetrical, somewhat pyramidal shape, with different individuals of the species forming almost identical crowns.

(꽃은 한여름부터 초가을까지 계속 이어서 피며, 나무의 수형도 스스로 균형잡아가며  성장하여 특별히 전정관리할 필요가 없음)

It forms several vertical trunks close to ground level. The bark is gray with vertical white striations and has a ridged texture. The alternate, obovate leaves are up to 6 inches (150 mm) in length and turn a bright orange-red in the fall. Although difficult to transplant, once established Franklinia can live a century or more. Franklinia fruit develops slowly. The seed capsules require 12–14 months to mature. When ripe the 5-valved spherical capsules split above and below in a unique manner. Anecdotal evidence suggests viable seed production is enhanced where two or more plants are present in close proximity. History: Philadelphia botanists John and William Bartram first observed the tree growing along the Altamaha River near Fort Barrington in the British colony of Georgia in October 1765. (1765년 미국의 알타마하 강변에서 처음 발견된 수종임)

John Bartram recorded "severall very curious shrubs" in his journal entry for October 1, 1765. William Bartram returned several times to the same location on the Altamaha during a collecting trip to the American South, funded by Dr. John Fothergill of London. William Bartram collected Franklinia seeds during this extended trip to the South from 1773 through 1776, a journey described in his book Bartram's Travels published in Philadelphia in 1791. William Bartram brought seed of Franklinia back to Philadelphia in 1777, and had flowering plants by 1781. After several years of study, Bartram assigned the “rare and elegant flowering shrub,” to a new genus Franklinia, named in honor of his father's great friend Benjamin Franklin.

(이 수종의 발견자가 희귀하고 우아한 꽃에 매료되어 자신의 할아버지 친구로서 존경했던 벤저민 프랭클린의 이름을 따서 플랭클린나무라고 명명한것임)

The new plant name, Franklinia alatamaha was first published by a Bartram cousin, Humphry Marshall in 1785 in his catalogue of North American trees and shrubs entitled Arbustrum Americanum. (Marshall 1785: 48-50; Fry 2001). William Bartram was the first to report the extremely limited distribution of Franklinia. "We never saw it grow in any other place, nor have I ever since seen it growing wild, in all my travels, from Pennsylvania to Point Coupe, on the banks of the Mississippi, which must be allowed a very singular and unaccountable circumstance; at this place there are two or 3 acres (12,000 m2) of ground where it grows plentifully." (W. Bartram 1791: 468). The tree was last verified in the wild in 1803 by the English plant collector John Lyon, (although there are hints it may have been present into at least the 1840s. See: Bozeman and Rogers 1986). The cause of its extinction in the wild is not known, but has been attributed to a number of causes including fire, flood, overcollection by plant collectors,

(처음 발견된 자생지는 식물수집가들의 지나친 채집과 홍수, 화재 등으로 인하여 멸종된 상태임)

and fungal disease introduced with the cultivation of cotton plants. (Dirr 1998: 390-391). All the Franklin trees known to exist today are descended from seed collected by William Bartram and propagated at Bartram's Garden in Philadelphia.

Comments

A beautiful shrub or small tree with shiny 5 to 6 inch dark green lustrous leaves that turn orange and red in the fall. The 3" late summer fragrant flowers are white with yellow centers. The plant wants moist, acid, woodland-type soil and likes full sun the best. Dirr notes that it does better in the northern U.S. than the South. It is native to a small region of Georgia and has been extinct in the wild for 200 years. (자생지에서 멸종된 이후 200년이 지났지만 아직도 자연에서 발견되지 않고, 재배되는 상태로만 존재하는 수종임)  

 

 

<백과사전에 수록된 내용>

미국 남동부가 원산지이다. 1765년 식물학자인 존 바트럼이 조지아 주 배링턴 근처 올터머 강을 따라 자라는 것을 발견하여 처음으로 동정(同定)했는데 벤저민 프랭클린을 기념하기 위해 그의 이름을 인용해 명명했다. 지금은 재배되는 교목 또는 소관목만이 알려져 있을 뿐 야생에서 발견되지 않는다. 키가 9m까지 자라며 큰 잎이 달린다. 찻잔 모양의 꽃은 크고 흰색이며 거의 꽃자루가 없는데, 한여름부터 서리가 내리기 전까지 핀다. 현재 자라고 있는 모든 프랭클리니아는 바트럼이 채집한 식물과 씨로 번식시킨 것들이다. 프랭클리니아는 고르도니아 라시안투스(Gordonia lasianthus)와 생김새가 비슷하기 때문에 고르도니아 알라타마하(G. alatamaha)로도 알려져 있다.

 

  

Lost Franklinia (Franklinia alatamaha) The Lost Franklinia is apparently extinct in the wild. All known living specimens are cultivated plants probably descended from a few trees (or possibly just one tree) grown in the garden of the eighteenth-century botanists John and William Bartram. The Bartrams discovered the species in 1765, when they found a small stand of the trees growing on a sand hill beside the Altamaha River in coastal Georgia. These trees disappeared within the next few decades, possibly destroyed by land clearing activities in the area. Despite numerous searches, no other wild specimens have ever been found. The Franklinia is also called Ben Franklin Tree, or Franklin Tree, a name given to it by the Bartrams in honor of their friend Benjamin Franklin. The species name "alatamaha" is an old spelling for the name of the river on which the plant was discovered. Cultivated specimens of Franklinia are usually bushy plants less than 20 feet tall, often with multiple trunks. The tree doesn't bloom until late summer, when it bears attractive three-inch flowers with white petals and orange stamens. Individual blossoms can open over a long period, even into mid-autumn. The fruit is a small round capsule containing a number of flat seeds. Leaves turn vivid orange-red before dropping in late autumn. Although the only known wild trees grew in Georgia, cultivated specimens generally do best in northern regions. The poorly-drained clay soil found in much of the South increases susceptibility to root-rot diseases, and there is evidence that current (or former) cotton-growing areas may harbor a pathogen that can kill the plant. The species can be successfully grown in the South, but it's difficult to know beforehand whether a particular planting site has the right conditions. The good cold-hardiness of the surviving plants suggests that Franklinia may have originally been native to the north, but was forced to migrate southward during the Ice Ages to escape the extreme cold and the repeated advances of the ice sheets. But conditions in the south might have become less suitable for it after the Ice Ages ended. If it got stranded there, it might have begun to die out as the climate warmed again. The plants discovered by the Bartrams could be the last survivors of what was once a much larger population. Conceivably this species could escape from cultivation and re-establish itself in the wild. Deliberate attempts to re-establish it might also be undertaken. But it is doubtful that the species could survive on its own for an extended time period. Because the existing plants are so closely related, as a group they may not have the genetic diversity needed to resist new diseases or adapt to a changing climate. Other Information Scientific Name: Franklinia alatamaha Common Names: Franklinia, Ben Franklin Tree, Franklin Tree Plant Type: Small deciduous tree Height: 15 to 20 feet Cultivation Zones: 5 - 8 Cultivation Give Franklinia humus-rich acid soil, and water it during dry spells, especially when young. Good drainage is essential, so consider putting it on an elevated spot or artificial mound. It blooms most profusely in full sun, but in hot dry climates partial or dappled shade might give the best overall results. Sometimes this plant will try to grow as a shrub, but it can usually be trained into tree form. Franklinia is easy to grow from seed, and such a plant will often reach blooming size by the sixth year. Note: This plant may not do well in the South. Go to Cultivation and Seeds for more information. Related Species: There are no other species in this genus. The plant is distantly related to Loblolly-bay (Gordonia lasianthus), and to the Camellias and Stewartias (such as Stewartia ovata). Plant Sources: Franklinia alatamaha is usually easy to find. Woodlanders, Meadowbrook Nurseries, Nearly Native Nursery, Forest Farm, GroWild, Lazy S's Farm, and Wayside Gardens often have it. A vigorous form called "Wintonbury" is sometimes available. For links to the mentioned suppliers, go to Sources of Plants. The Franklinia alatamaha is native to southeastern Georgia and reaches a height of 10-20 feet in 20 years.  This multi-stemmed tree has year-round interest.  Its creamy white fragrant flowers bloom from late July into September.  The dark green leaves turn orange and red in the fall, often in combination with a few late flowers.  Subtly striped branches and persistent seed capsules add winter interest. Alas, the Franklinia has a notorious reputation for being difficult to grow.  Cultivation information has long been sparse and vague. To remedy this, Bartram’s Garden gathered input from expert horticulturists and responses from an international Franklinia Census to come up with growing tips. Proper site selection and pre-planting preparation are crucial. Plant a Franklinia in a site with excellent drainage, acidic soil enriched with organic matter with a pH between 5-6, and protection from strong winds. The Franklinia tolerates full sun as well as dense shade, but fares best in partial shade (about a half day of sunlight). Apply mulch lightly over entire root area and make sure it has adequate water in the summer, and through the fall when it still growing and flowering. Cultivation: Surprisingly easy. We finally have viable seed. Soak seed 24-48 hours in Skookum solution. Baggie sown in resealble ziplock with moist medium of finely milled peat (no more than 1/4 cup worth as seed needs light to germinate. Too much medium will shield seed from light). IMPORTANT: cold stratify for 3-4 weeks in the fridge. After cold stratification period is over place the baggie in a warm location (20-24C). Needs light to germinate. Did famously well under the desk light on this computer desk. You should see sprouts in 5-14 days. When you start seeing roots prick out at the 5-7mm length and transplant into a pot containing new well draining moist (not wet) medium. To maintain humidity we use 15cm square pots and place those in large ziplock baggies and give plenty of strong indirect light AND keep warm. What is nice about resealable baggies is the amount you can keep open....I kept only 1/3 open, but still keep an eye on these precious sproutlings. Open ever so often to increase hardiness so in the time and the bag can be kept open. Don't let dry out and don't over water. Transplant soil should be same temp as germination (baggie) medium. Not tolerant of being chilled. Woody seed capsule might clamp onto seed leaves...don't try to remove this as the seedling will naturally shed this (like me pulling off my rubber boots at the end of the day...not pretty but undamaged)